An OSPF network can be divided into sub-domains called areas. An area is a logical collection of OSPF networks, routers, and links that have the same area identification.. A router within an area must maintain a topological database for the area to which it belongs. The router doesn't have detailed information about network topology outside of its area, thereby reducing the size of its database.
Areas limit the scope of route information distribution. It is not possible to do route update filtering within an area. The link-state database (LSDB) of routers within the same area must be synchronized and be exactly the same; however, route summarization and filtering is possible between different areas. The main benefit of creating areas is a reduction in the number of routes to propagate—by the filtering and the summarization of routes.
Each OSPF network that is divided into different areas must follow these rules:
A backbone area—which combines a set of independent areas into a single domain—must exist.
Each non-backbone area must be directly connected to the backbone area (though this connection might be a simple logical connection through a virtual link, ).
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The backbone area must not be partitioned—divided into smaller pieces—under any failure conditions, such as link or router down events.
Areas are identified by an area ID. Cisco IOS® software supports area IDs expressed in IP address format or decimal format, for example, area 0.0.0.0 is equal to area 0. If there are multiple areas in your network, you need to name the backbone area "area 0". Since this backbone connects the areas in your network, it must be a contiguous area. If the backbone is partitioned, parts of the autonomous system will be unreachable, and you'll need to configure virtual links to repair the partition.
A router with interfaces in two (or more) different areas is an area border router. An area border router is in the OSPF boundary between two areas. Both sides of any link always belong to the same OSPF area.
An autonomous system boundary router (ASBR) advertises external destinations throughout the OSPF autonomous system. External routes are the routes redistributed into OSPF from any other protocol. In many cases, external link states make up a large percentage of the link states in the databases of every router. A stub area is an area in which you don't allow advertisements of external routes, thus reducing the size of the database even more. Instead, a default summary route (0.0.0.0) is inserted into the stub area in order to reach these external routes. If you have no external routes in your network, then you have no need to define stub areas.
Stub areas are shielded from external routes but receive information about networks that belong to other areas of the same OSPF domain. You can define totally stubby areas. Routers in totally stubby areas keep their LSDB-only information about routing within their area, plus the default route.
Not-so-stubby areas (NSSAs) are an extension of OSPF stub areas. Like stub areas, they prevent the flooding of AS-external link-state advertisements (LSAs) into NSSAs, relying instead on default routing to external destinations. As a result, NSSAs (like stub areas) must be placed at the edge of an OSPF routing domain. NSSAs are more flexible than stub areas in that an NSSA can import external routes into the OSPF routing domain, thereby providing transit service to small routing domains that are not part of the OSPF routing domain.
Refer to the OSPF Database Explanation Guide to learn more about the OSPF database.
Define a Stub Area
Use the area xx stub command in every router in the area to define an area as a stub area. In the topology shown below, routers in area 7 do not need to know about all the external destinations. The routers in area 7 must send a packet to the ABR to reach the ASBR, no matter what the external destination. Area 7 can be defined as a stub area. To define area 7 as a stub area, configure the area 7 stub command in all routers in that area.
Define a Totally Stub Area
Use the OSPF router configuration area xx stub no-summary command to define a totally stub area. In the previous network diagram, routers in area 7 do not need to know about all external destinations or any summary LSA from the backbone for other areas. The routers in area 7 must send packets to the ABR to reach any destination outside the area 7. Area 7 can be defined as a totally stub area. To define area 7 as a totally stub area, configure the area 7 stub no summary command on the ABR.
Define a Not-So-Stubby Area
Use the OSPF router configuration area xx nssa command to define an NSSA. For example, in the topology below, we configured Area 2 as an NSSA by entering the area 2 nssa command on all routers in the area. This protects Area 2's internal routers from all the AS-external LSAs imported by the OSPF ASBR, but still allows for the attachment of the non-OSPF router. External routing information is imported into an NSSA in Type-7 LSAs. Type-7 LSAs are similar to Type-5 AS-external LSAs, except that they can only be flooded into the NSSA. In order to further propagate the NSSA external information, the Type-7 LSA must be translated to a Type-5 AS-external-LSA by the NSSA ABR. NSSA is supported in Cisco IOS 11.2 and later.
Define an NSSA Totally Stub Area
Use the OSPF router configuration command area xx nssa no-summary command to define an NSSA totally stub area. In the previous network diagram, we configured area 2 as NSSA totally stub by entering the area 2 nssa no-summary command on the NSSA ABR. This keeps any Type 5 AS-external or Type 3 summary routes from leaking in area 2.
Normal, Stub, Totally Stub and NSSA Area Differences
This table shows the differences between the types of areas defined in this document:
| Area | Restriction |
|---|---|
| Normal | None |
| Stub | No Type 5 AS-external LSA allowed |
| Totally Stub | No Type 3, 4 or 5 LSAs allowed except the default summary route |
| NSSA | No Type 5 AS-external LSAs allowed, but Type 7 LSAs that convert to Type 5 at the NSSA ABR can traverse |
| NSSA Totally Stub | No Type 3, 4 or 5 LSAs except the default summary route, but Type 7 LSAs that convert to Type 5 at the NSSA ABR are allowed |
Refer to the Types of OSPF Areas section of How Does OSPF Generate Default Routes? to learn more about different types of areas.
What Are Virtual Links?
All areas in an OSPF autonomous system must be physically connected to the backbone area (area 0). In some cases where this physical connection is not possible, you can use a virtual link to connect to the backbone through a non-backbone area. As mentioned above, you can also use virtual links to connect two parts of a partitioned backbone through a non-backbone area. The area through which you configure the virtual link, known as a transit area, must have full routing information. The transit area cannot be a stub area.
Use the area area-id virtual-link router-id command to configure a virtual link, where the area-id is the area ID assigned to the transit area (this can be either a valid IP address or a decimal value), and where router-id is the router ID associated with the virtual link neighbor. In this example, the virtual link connects area 7 to the backbone through area 5:
In this example, the virtual link is created between the routers with router ID 1.1.1.1 and router ID 2.2.2.2. To create the virtual link, configure the area 5 virtual-link 2.2.2.2 subcommand on router 1.1.1.1 and the area 5 virtual-link 1.1.1.1 subcommand on router 2.2.2.2. Refer to Configuring OSPF Authentication on a Virtual Link for more information.
Trong ospf định nghĩa một số vùng cơ bản sau:
1. Stub Area: đây là vùng sẽ không nhận những routing update từ bên ngoài (Type 5) nhưng vẫn nhận update từ những Area láng giềng (Type 3)
2. Stotaly stub Area: đây có thể coi là vùng cựu đoan nhất nó không nhật bất cứ routing update nào, và trong bảng routing của nó chỉ có một routing ra ngoai duy nhất là default route. vùng này thích hợp cho những site ở xa có ít network và cần sự giới hạn kết nối ra bên ngoài.
3. NSSA Stub Area: đây là vùng được sử dụng khi kết nối đên ISP hoặc khi có sự redistribute giữa các routing protocol khác nhau. vùng này sẽ nhận các route từ bên ngoài dưới dạng type 7 và sẽ chuyển đổi type 7 này thành type 5 để quảng bá vào các Area khác tại con NNSA ABR.
4. Backbone Area: đây chính là vùng Area 0 và nó connect tới tất cả các area khác còn lại, nếu một area nào đó muốn nối tới Area0 nhưng không nối trực tiếp được thì lúc đó ta phải tao virtual link cho Area này.
